Manchineel

Botanical characteristics of the manchineel tree and its toxicity

The manchineel tree is an evergreen tree that grows on sandy coastlines and has the ability to reach a height of 10 to 15 meters. It is generally distinguished by its dark green, shiny leaves, small greenish flowers, and its fruits, which are 3 cm drupes resembling small green apples. These fruits (manchineels), which initially seem harmless, are one of the most toxic parts of the tree and are often mistaken for edible apples, particularly due to their pleasant aroma similar to that of a Granny Smith apple. This can lead to serious accidents. Tourists, in particular, are often deceived, thinking they are tasting a delicious fruit by the beach.

However, all parts of the tree, including the leaves, bark, roots, as well as the fruits, contain a dangerous chemical substance called phorbol. Contact with the sap of this tree can cause severe skin irritation, blisters, and burns! Ingesting its fruits can be dangerous, with even more severe symptoms, such as intense abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and even death in the case of significant consumption.

Despite its toxicity, this tree has been used for various purposes in the history of the Caribbean. The Taino indigenous people were aware of the tree's toxic properties and used its sap to poison their arrows. The Europeans also made use of it during colonization. Thus, they also used the manchineel tree's sap to poison their enemies. The tree gained a sinister reputation as one of the most dangerous and toxic weapons. Therefore, it is crucial to be cautious if you encounter one and avoid touching the tree, its leaves, bark, fruits, or any other part of the manchineel. Do not pick or eat the fruits. Do not shelter under the tree in case of rain, as the sap can be washed off by the rain and fall onto your skin, causing burns. Do not pick the fruits to cook them. Always respect the warning signs indicating the presence of this toxic tree.

The Manchineel : An important role in the ecosystem

Every species, even if it may seem toxic or useless to humans, plays a role in the balance of the ecosystem. Despite its toxicity, the manchineel exists as a plant species and fulfills a role in the ecosystem. Its toxicity is likely a defense mechanism against herbivores, predators, and parasites, which has helped ensure its survival as a species. In tropical ecosystems where the manchineel grows, biodiversity is extremely important. Plants, including manchineels, can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms.

Certain species of insects or fungi may tolerate or even benefit from the toxins of the manchineel, while animals may have developed resistance mechanisms to feed on its leaves or fruits without experiencing toxic effects. It can also help stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, and create habitats for local wildlife.