The Bélé Dance

What is Bèlè Dance?

The Bèlè dance is a traditional dance rooted in the culture of Martinique, an island in the French Caribbean. It is a rhythmic dance accompanied by cowhide drums, characterized by graceful and enchanting movements.

Bèlè is much more than just a dance; it is a symbol of Martinican identity, reflecting the island's African, Indian, and European heritage, as well as its resilience and creativity throughout history.

As a valuable cultural heritage, it holds a central place in the rituals, celebrations, and festivities of Martinique, while also serving as an essential means of passing down traditions to future generations. Its cultural significance lies in its ability to unite the Martinican people, express their identity, and preserve their heritage, making Bèlè an invaluable treasure for the island and beyond.

African Roots and Indian and European Influences.

The African roots of Bèlè trace back to the dark era of slavery when African slaves were brought to Martinique. They brought with them their cultural traditions, including rhythmic dances and percussion.

Bèlè thus draws some of its origins from African dances and rhythms, which were preserved and passed down through generations despite the harsh conditions of slavery.

Furthermore, there are also traces of Amerindian rhythms since before Africans were forcibly brought to Martinique, there was another people living there: the Kalinago.

They had their own traditions and dances, some of which can be found in certain Bèlè rhythms.

In addition to African and Amerindian influences, Bèlè has also been enriched by contributions from Indian and European workers who came to Martinique.

The Indians brought their own style of dance, songs, and musical instruments, contributing to the diversification of local artistic forms.

Finally, the Europeans also had an influence on this dance, introducing new musical instruments and certain social dances from the colonial era.

Thus, Bèlè is the result of a rich cultural blend, resulting from the interaction between African, Indian, and European traditions.

This unique fusion of ethnic influences has allowed Bèlè dance to become a powerful symbol of Martinican identity, emphasizing the importance of multiculturalism in shaping the island's culture.

The Evolution of Bèlè Throughout Martinican History.

It's important to know that this dance originated on Martinique's plantations. It was used by the slaves to release their emotions and to show resistance against the white colonists. The colonists did not want them to practice this dance as it allowed them to gather and potentially convey ideas of escape or rebellion.

Over time, Bèlè established itself in Martinican tradition and culture, becoming a strong tool used to unite the people.

It is taught to younger generations in schools, danced on international stages, and can even be chosen as an option in the baccalaureate exams.

This is a remarkable evolution for a dance that was initially prohibited.

Enchanting Drum Rhythms.

The captivating rhythms of the drums are at the heart of the Bèlè dance in Martinique. Played on drums made from "Bwa fouyé," meaning captivating rhythms, these rhythms create an enchanting and entrancing atmosphere, encouraging dancers to be carried away by the music. The drums, made from goat or sheep skins stretched over wooden barrels, produce powerful and rhythmic sounds, evoking the African origins of this traditional dance. These energetic rhythms form the basis on which dancers express themselves, transmitting the essence of Bèlè and forging a deep connection between music, dance, and Martinican culture.

Characteristic Elements of Bèlè

Bèlè is danced by 8 individuals plus a drum player called "Tanbouyé."

The Tanbouyé is the master of the Bèlè circle; they set the tone and decide when the dancers change steps.

Additionally, there are chorus members called "répondè." They respond with the same lyrics throughout the song to the soloist.

Finally, there's no Bèlè without "Ti Bwa," which is a musical instrument made from two separate wooden sticks that are rhythmically beaten on the wooden part of the drum throughout the song. It's worth noting that Bèlè is danced barefoot with a wide skirt for girls and pants for boys. Out of respect, wearing shorts is not allowed.

The last element of the outfit, and not the least, is the madras square. It's a piece of madras fabric, cut into a square and tied to the waist of both male and female dancers.

Role in Rituals and Ceremonies

Often, in the neighborhoods, "Bèlè rounds" were organized, which means evenings centered around this dance. They allowed everyone who worked, took care of children or homes to come and let off steam for a few hours in a convivial and freely shared space. Each person brought something based on their means.

Even until now, Bèlè evenings are organized by associations to bring Martinicans together, offer them a moment of disconnection, and, above all, not to lose a dance that is an essential part of the culture's essence. It's important to know that Bèlè is actually a collection of several dances, the most well-known being "Bèlè Kourant" or "Bèlè cho."

Each dance has a meaning and is performed at a specific moment:

For example, "Bèlè Cho" is more festive, more lively. It's often used during celebrations. In a calmer ambiance, dancers and the tanbouyé will opt for "Bèlè lisid." This one is slower but equally majestic to watch.

Lastly, there's the Kalenda, to name just one more. This dance is performed individually by the dancer facing the drum. The dancer leads, so they can convey whatever message they want: joy, anger, frustration, etc.

Contemporary Bèlè: Between Tradition and Innovation

Bèlè is a dance in constant evolution, yet it doesn't lose its essence. Often used to voice protest, the lyrics of the songs used are highly engaged and relevant. Therefore, these songs can easily talk about strikes that took place 50 years ago or the current increase in prices.

Moreover, the basic steps of Bèlè remain unchanged, but they have different variations depending on the dancer's personality and mood of the day.

For example, a dancer might decide to perform the steps and add a little jump each time. The important thing is that this doesn't distort the original steps and isn't disrespectful to their partner or the tanbouyé.

Bèlè Across the World

Although widely spread in Martinique, present at all kinds of festivities, Bèlè has become indispensable.

This celebrated dance is often in the spotlight on the international stage. Ballets have been created and participate in major events, such as the opening ceremony of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bèlè is a part of Martinican identity and is deeply ingrained in the island's heritage.

This dance with multiple messages is practiced by both young and old. Many associations are dedicated to preserving this wealth by exporting it and introducing it to all.

It is the duty of each and every one to continue this tradition in order to safeguard it for future generations.